A pesar de que meditación es una palabra que se utiliza a menudo en el mundo occidental, existen malentendidos respecto a su significado, por ejemplo, se piensa que es un tipo de relajación, un estado de trance, un agradable viaje lejos de la realidad, una forma de autohipnosis o poner la mente en blanco. Es cierto que la meditación es un antídoto poderoso contra la tensión, pero este beneficio es secundario y no su objetivo principal, la meditación no es un trance ni un estado hipnótico en el que se pone la mente en blanco, es una forma de conciencia más amplia, no una forma de semiinconsciencia.
Las muchas técnicas de meditación budista pueden dividirse en dos grupos principales dentro de su propósito progresivo: las técnicas Samatha, una palabra sánscrita que aproximadamente significa paz o tranquilidad, y las técnicas Vipassana o técnicas para alcanzar una visión clara.
La meditación Samatha
Calma la mente y orienta el sentido de la conciencia, fomenta las emociones positivas y expande nuestra perspectiva. Es una preparación esencial para las técnicas Vipassana, que son más avanzadas. Nuestro nivel de conciencia normal puede compararse con agua turbulenta y llena de lodo, tan contaminada por la suciedad que no deja pasar la luz. La meditación Samatha calma la turbulencia de la mente y permite que se asiente el lodo, de tal forma que el agua alcance transparencia, brillantez y claridad.
La mayoría de las técnicas de meditación Samatha utilizan un objeto de concentración que puede ser el seguimiento de la respiración, un disco de color, la llama de una vela, un mantra o una emoción positiva tal como el amor Universal (en la que el meditador genera este poderoso sentimiento hacia sí mismo y hacia otros). De todos estos diferentes objetos probablemente el que más se usa es el seguimiento de la respiración. Esta práctica es descrita por el Buda en los escritos tempranos y se usa, con variaciones, en la mayoría de las escuelas budistas pues permite desarrollar un nivel de concentración que raramente se experimenta en nuestra vida normal.
Todas las técnicas Samatha inducen estados de concentración, unificando en la conciencia partes de nuestro ser de una manera armoniosa, tranquila y clara. Si estamos llevando una vida ética en un ambiente favorable, que fomenta la satisfacción y las emociones positivas, cuando se medita se llega a transformar el vagabundeo mental en sentimientos agradables de ligereza, quietud y tranquilidad. Empezarán a disolverse los conflictos internos y habrá perspectivas más amplias y objetivas. Al desarrollar estados meditativos puede que se experimenten olas de gozo, que parecen surgir de las profundidades de aquel que medita, en algunas personas estas olas serán tan fuertes que producirán profundos y agradables escalofríos. Por otra parte, uno se saturará de emociones cálidas, de tal forma que se fundirá la parte emocional y la parte mental en una sola facultad, experimentándose todo con una nueva luz, más clara y brillante. Los meditadores más experimentados pueden alcanzar estados aún más profundos, hasta llegar a niveles de inspiración en los que se disuelven los límites normales entre uno y el resto del mundo. Entonces puede surgir en algunas personas la capacidad de ejercer un efecto benevolente en la experiencia de otros.
Sin embargo la meditación no siempre es así. En algunas ocasiones el meditador pasará por periodos en que meditar significa batallar con una mente llena de deseo insatisfecho, ira o conflicto. En estas ocasiones la meditación representa una tarea ardua, pero seguirá constituyendo un trabajo muy útil.
Este artículo se elaboró en base a información del
Centro Budista de la Ciudad de México A. C.,
visita su página www.budismo.com
http://www.revistadossier.com/2009/07/la-meditacion-budista-las-tecnicas-samatha/
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