En el reciente informe de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) titulado “Índice de Políticas para PyMEs: América Latina y el Caribe 2024” (SMEPI PI), México se destaca como uno de los países con mejor desempeño en políticas públicas para el impulso de micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MiPyMEs) en la región. De los ocho indicadores evaluados, México sobresale en siete, quedando por debajo del promedio regional únicamente en el ámbito de servicios de desarrollo de las pymes y compras públicas.
Fortalezas y desafíos de la política pública en México
José Antonio Ardavín, jefe de la División para América Latina y el Caribe de la Secretaría de Relaciones Globales de la OCDE, subraya que, a pesar de cambios significativos en la gestión de la política pública, como la desaparición del Instituto Nacional del Emprendedor (Inadem), México ha mantenido su compromiso con el impulso a las MiPyMEs. “México sigue destacado como uno de los países con mejor desempeño en el índice; sin embargo, han ocurrido cambios significativos desde el SMEPI PI 2019, por el cambio en la dirección de políticas”, comentó Ardavín.
El informe sugiere que el estudio puede servir como una hoja de ruta para la nueva administración que tomará posesión en octubre de 2024, proporcionando un marco para evaluar las políticas implementadas en el sexenio que termina y considerar ejemplos exitosos de otros países de la región.
Un panorama regional con contrastes
El estudio, que abarca políticas públicas de países como Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, México, Perú y Ecuador, permite comparar iniciativas y alinear esfuerzos con las mejores prácticas. Las dimensiones analizadas incluyen el marco institucional, el ambiente operativo, el acceso al financiamiento, la innovación y tecnología, la transformación productiva, el acceso a mercados, la digitalización, y los servicios de desarrollo y compras públicas.
Aunque México se destaca en varias de estas áreas, también enfrenta desafíos importantes, especialmente en lo que respecta al acceso al financiamiento y la creación de normativas que apoyen el crecimiento y la formalización de las MiPyMEs.
La importancia de las pymes en la economía mexicana
Las MiPyMEs representan el 99.7% de las empresas en México y contribuyen con el 35.6% de la producción nacional total, según datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Sin embargo, solo el 10% de estas empresas exportan y apenas el 2% invierte en innovación, lo que resalta la necesidad de fortalecer las políticas de apoyo en estas áreas.
El marco institucional y el entorno operativo simplificado son las áreas donde México obtiene sus mejores calificaciones. La existencia de un marco institucional bien estructurado, junto con estrategias como la mejora regulatoria nacional y el Régimen Simplificado de Confianza (Resico), han permitido a las MiPyMEs un acceso más sencillo a la fiscalización. No obstante, la OCDE sugiere que aún es necesario simplificar más el registro de empresas.
Áreas de mejora
A pesar de los logros, México enfrenta desafíos significativos en áreas como el acceso al financiamiento y los servicios de desarrollo para las MiPyMEs. Las tasas de interés elevadas y la falta de un sistema financiero adecuado para estas empresas limitan su crecimiento. La OCDE recomienda reducir la ponderación de las garantías para préstamos a mediano plazo y fomentar un mercado de valores independiente para las MiPyMEs.
El índice más bajo para México se encuentra en los servicios de desarrollo de pymes y compras públicas, una situación que puede atribuirse a la disolución del Inadem, que previamente concentraba las políticas relacionadas con las MiPyMEs. Aunque la Secretaría de Economía ha lanzado iniciativas como Exporta.mx y MipymesMX, la OCDE señala la necesidad de un programa dirigido a MiPyMEs con alto potencial e innovación, y una estrategia nacional que fortalezca el apoyo al sector.
Conclusión
El informe de la OCDE pone de relieve tanto los avances como los desafíos que México enfrenta en la implementación de políticas públicas para MiPyMEs. Con la llegada de una nueva administración, existe una oportunidad única para fortalecer las áreas rezagadas y consolidar los éxitos alcanzados, garantizando un entorno más favorable para las MiPyMEs, esenciales para el crecimiento económico y la creación de empleo en el país.
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