Cuando abrimos un negocio es necesario cumplir con todos los lineamientos que establece la ley ya que es una forma de garantizar nuestros derechos constitucionales.
El establecimiento de un negocio o empresa requiere el cumplimiento de ciertos requisitos y trámites legales ante autoridades gubernamentales, privadas y sociales. A continuación se enumeran algunas de las dependencias a las que deberá acudirse y los trámites que deben realizarse, aunque debe recordar estar al tanto de los requisitos de acuerdo al giro de su negocio y según el gobierno local.
Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (en el caso de sociedades)
La Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (SRE), por medio de la Dirección General de Permisos, artículo 27 constitucional, autoriza la constitución de una sociedad. Aquí la SRE resuelve si la denominación o razón social no está registrada con anterioridad y autoriza la determinación del objeto social.
Notario Público/Registro Público de Comercio (en el caso de sociedades)
La constitución de la sociedad se formaliza mediante un contrato social denominado escritura constitutiva, que establece los requisitos y reglas a partir de las cuales habrá de funcionar la sociedad. Entre otras cosas contienen:
1. Datos generales de los socios.
2. Objeto social.
3. Denominación o razón social.
4. Duración de la sociedad.
5. Importe del capital social.
6. Domicilio social.
7. Órgano de administración.
8. Vigilancia.
9. Bases para la liquidación.
Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público
Dentro del mes siguiente a su constitución, las sociedades (personas morales) deben:
Haber realizado situaciones jurídicas que de hecho den lugar a presentación de declaraciones periódicas (apertura), las personas físicas con actividades empresariales y las personas morales residentes en el extranjero deben solicitar su inscripción en el Registro Federal de Contribuyentes de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público (forma HRFC-1, en original y cinco copias), donde reciben una clave que les identifica en lo subsecuente ante la autoridad fiscal.
También la SHCP mantiene el Padrón de Proveedores de la Administración Pública Federal, al que deben registrarse las empresas o personas que deseen efectuar transacciones comerciales con las diferentes dependencias de la administración pública.
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
El patrón (la empresa o persona física con actividades empresariales) y los trabajadores deben inscribirse en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), dentro de un plazo no mayor de cinco días de iniciadas las actividades. Al patrón se le clasificará de acuerdo con el Reglamento de Clasificación de Empresas y denominación del Grado de Riesgo del Seguro del Trabajo, base para fijar las cuotas que deberá cubrir.
Institución Bancaria
En el banco seleccionado se abre la cuenta de cheques y se recurre a solicitar financiamiento, se paga todo tipo de impuestos (al igual que servicios tales como electricidad, teléfonos y gas entre otros) y se presentan declaraciones, aun cuando no originen pago.
De igual manera, el patrón y los trabajadores deben inscribirse ante el Sistema de Ahorro para el Retiro (subcuentas IMSS e Infonavit, forma SAR-01-1, SAR-01-2, SAR-04-1 o sus equivalentes en medios magnéticos). En el banco, más adelante se depositarán en forma bimestral las aportaciones correspondientes.
Sistema de Información Empresarial Mexicano
De acuerdo con la Ley de Cámaras Empresariales y sus Confederaciones, todas las tiendas, comercios, fábricas, talleres o negocios deben registrarse en el Sistema Empresarial Mexicano (SIEM) con lo cual tendrán la oportunidad de aumentar sus ventas, acceder a información de proveedores y clientes potenciales, obtener información sobre los programas de apoyo a empresas y conocer sobre las licitaciones y programas de compras del gobierno.
Puedes vistar el sitio web www.siem.gob.mx porque en ella se localizan muy diversos programas de apoyo para las empresas ubicadas en el país.
Secretaría de Economía
Esta secretaría debe verificar y autorizar todos los instrumentos de medidas y pesas que se usen como base u objeto de alguna transacción comercial. Reglamenta y registra las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NOM) que son obligatorias para ciertos productos (instrumentos de medición y prueba, ropa y calzado, salud, contaminantes, entre otros). También existen normas opcionales, cuya adopción permite la autorización para el uso del sello oficial de garantía, siempre y cuando se cumplan con las especificaciones de un sistema de control de calidad. Asimismo puede emitir, a petición y según previa comprobación, un certificado oficial de calidad. La Secretaría estipula y controla los registros de las marcas, nombres comerciales, patentes y otras formas de propiedad industrial.
Redacción Pymempresario
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